Saturday, October 17, 2009

University

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Degree ceremony at the University of Oxford. The Pro-Vice-Chancellor in MA gown and hood, Proctor in official dress and new Doctors of Philosophy in scarlet full dress. Behind them, a bedel, another Doctor and Bachelors of Arts and Medicine.

A university is an institution of higher education and research, which grants academic degrees in a variety of subjects. A university provides both undergraduate education and postgraduate education. The word university is derived from the Latin universitas magistrorum et scholarium, roughly meaning "community of teachers and scholars." [1]

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[edit] History

Representation of a university class in the 1350s

[edit] Early history

The original Latin word "universitas" was used at the time of emergence of urban town life and medieval guilds, to describe specialized "associations of students and teachers with collective legal rights usually guaranteed by charters issued by princes, prelates, or the towns in which they were located."[2] Although the original Latin word referred to places of learning in Europe, where this form of legal organization was prevalent, it is sometimes extended to other educational institutions of non-Western antiquity, including China, India and Persia:

China
Korea
  • Taehak was founded in 372 and Gukhak was established in 682.
India
Iran
Japan

The University of Constantinople, founded as an institution of higher learning in 425 and reorganized as a corporation of students in 849 by the regent Bardas of emperor Michael III, is considered by some to be the earliest institution of higher learning with some of the characteristics we associate today with a university (research and teaching, auto-administration, academic independence, et cetera). If a university is defined as "an institution of higher learning" then it is preceded by several others, including the Academy that it was founded to compete with and eventually replaced. If the original meaning of the word is considered "a corporation of students" then this could be the first example of such an institution.[3]

If the definition of a university is assumed to mean an institution of higher education and research which issues academic degrees at all levels (bachelor, master and doctorate) like in the modern sense of the word, the medieval Madrasahs were also known as Jami'ah and founded in the 9th century. They would be the first examples of such an institution.[4][5] The University of Al Karaouine in Fez, Morocco is thus recognized by the Guinness Book of World Records as the oldest degree-granting university in the world with its founding in 859 by Fatima al-Fihri.[6] Also in the 9th century, Bimaristan medical schools were founded in the medieval Islamic world, where medical degrees and diplomas were issued to students of Islamic medicine who were qualified to be a practicing Doctor of Medicine.[5][7] Al-Azhar University, founded in Cairo, Egypt in 975, was a Jami'ah university which offered a variety of post-graduate degrees (Ijazah),[5] and had individual faculties[8] for a theological seminary, Islamic law and jurisprudence, Arabic grammar, Islamic astronomy, early Islamic philosophy, and logic in Islamic philosophy.[5]

The University of Salamanca in Spain, founded 1218

[edit] Medieval universities

The first higher education institution in medieval Europe was the University of Constantinople, followed by the University of Salerno (9th century), the Preslav Literary School and Ohrid Literary School in the Bulgarian Empire (9th century). The first degree-granting universities in Europe were the University of Bologna (1088), the University of Paris (c. 1150, later associated with the Sorbonne), the University of Oxford (1167), the University of Cambridge (1209), the University of Salamanca (1218), the University of Montpellier (1220), the University of Padua (1222), the University of Naples Federico II (1224),the University of Toulouse (1229).[9][10] Some scholars such as George Makdisi,[4] John Makdisi[11] and Hugh Goddard[8] argue that these medieval universities were influenced in many ways by the medieval Madrasah institutions in Islamic Spain, the Emirate of Sicily, and the Middle East (during the Crusades).

The earliest universities in Western Europe were developed under the aegis of the Catholic Church, usually as cathedral schools or by papal bull as Studia Generali (NB: The development of cathedral schools into Universities actually appears to be quite rare, with the University of Paris being an exception — see Leff, Paris and Oxford Universities), later they were also founded by Kings (Charles University in Prague, Jagiellonian University in Krakow) or municipal administrations (University of Cologne, University of Erfurt). In the early medieval period, most new universities were founded from pre-existing schools, usually when these schools were deemed to have become primarily sites of higher education. Many historians state that universities and cathedral schools were a continuation of the interest in learning promoted by monasteries.

In Europe, young men proceeded to university when they had completed their study of the trivium–the preparatory arts of grammar, rhetoric, and dialectic or logic–and the quadrivium: arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy. (See Degrees of the University of Oxford for the history of how the trivium and quadrivium developed in relation to degrees, especially in anglophone universities).

Outside of Europe, there were many notable institutions of learning throughout history. In China, there was the famous Hanlin Academy, established during the Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD), and was once headed by the Chancellor Shen Kuo (1031-1095), a famous Chinese scientist, inventor, mathematician, and statesman.[citation needed]

The tower of the University of Coimbra, the oldest Portuguese university

[edit] Modern universities

The end of the medieval period marked the beginning of the transformation of universities that would eventually result in the modern research university. Many external influences, such as eras of humanism, Enlightenment, Reformation, and Revolution, shaped research universities during their development.

By the 18th century, universities published their own research journals, and by the 19th century, the German and the French university models had arisen. The German, or Humboldtian model, was conceived by Wilhelm von Humboldt and based on Friedrich Schleiermacher’s liberal ideas pertaining to the importance of freedom, seminars, and laboratories in universities.[citation needed] The French university model involved strict discipline and control over every aspect of the university.

Until the 19th century, religion played a significant role in university curriculum; however, the role of religion in research universities decreased in the 19th century, and by the end of the 19th century, the German university model had spread around the world. Universities concentrated on science in the 19th and 20th centuries and became increasingly accessible to the masses. In Britain the move from industrial revolution to modernity saw the arrival of new civic universities with an emphasis on science and engineering. The British also established universities worldwide, and higher education became available to the masses not only in Europe. In a general sense, the basic structure and aims of universities have remained constant over the years.[citation needed]

[edit] Organization

The University of Sydney is Australia's oldest university.

Although each institution is organized differently, nearly all universities have a board of trustees; a president, chancellor, or rector; at least one vice president, vice-chancellor, or vice-rector; and deans of various divisions. Universities are generally divided into a number of academic departments, schools or faculties. Public university systems are ruled over by government-run higher education boards. They review financial requests and budget proposals and then allocate funds for each university in the system. They also approve new programs of instruction and cancel or make changes in existing programs. In addition, they plan for the further coordinated growth and development of the various institutions of higher education in the state or country. However, many public universities in the world have a considerable degree of financial, research and pedagogical autonomy. Private universities are privately funded and generally have a broader independence from state policies.

Despite the variable policies, or cultural and economic standards available in different geographical locations create a tremendous disparity between universities around the world and even inside a country, the universities are usually among the foremost research and advanced training providers in every society. Most universities not only offer courses in subjects ranging from the natural sciences, engineering, architecture or medicine, to sports sciences, social sciences, law or humanities, they also offer many amenities to their student population including a variety of places to eat, banks, bookshops, print shops, job centers, and bars. In addition, universities have a range of facilities like libraries, sports centers, students' unions, computer labs, and research laboratories. In a number of countries, major classic universities usually have their own botanical gardens, astronomical observatories, business incubators and university hospitals.

[edit] Universities around the world

The funding and organization of universities varies widely between different countries around the world. In some countries universities are predominantly funded by the state, while in others funding may come from donors or from fees which students attending the university must pay. In some countries the vast majority of students attend university in their local town, while in other countries universities attract students from all over the world, and may provide university accommodation for their students.[12]

[edit] Classification

Brooks Hall, home of the Terry College of Business at the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, US

The definition of a university varies widely even with some countries. For example, there is no nationally standardized definition of the term in the United States although the term has traditionally been used to designate research institutions and was once reserved for research doctorate-granting institutions.[13] Many teaching institutions and primarily undergraduate-degree-granting institutions outside the Northeastern United States are called universities, while some states, such as Massachusetts, will only grant a school "university status" if it grants at least two doctoral degrees.[14] In the United Kingdom, an institution can only use the term if it has been granted by the Privy Council, under the terms of the Further and Higher Education Act 1992.[15]

[edit] Colloquial usage

Colloquially, the term university may be used to describe a phase in one's life: "when I was at university..." (in the United States and Ireland, college is used instead: "when I was in college..."). See the college article for further discussion. In Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the German-speaking countries "university" is often contracted to "uni". In New Zealand and in South Africa it is sometimes called "varsity" (although this has become uncommon in New Zealand in recent years), which was also common usage in the UK in the 19th century.

[edit] Criticism

Richard Vedder, an Ohio University professor and member of the Commission on the Future of Higher Education, has been a vocal critic of how institutions of higher education, including the universities, are financed. In his 2004 book, "Going Broke by Degree," Vedder says that tuition increases have rapidly outpaced inflation; that productivity in higher education has fallen or remained stagnant; and that third-party tuition payments from government or private sources have insulated students from bearing the full cost of their education, allowing costs to rise more rapidly.[16]

[edit] Cost

Friday, October 16, 2009

I remember!

by Goodandbroken

I remember
those nights i lay inbed crying
all alone
just hoping someone would hear my plea for help.

I remember
reaching out trying to find something to hold on to
scared to death
realizing all i had was gone

I remember
being angry, wishing i had done things different
you watched me
stood there and did nothing about it

I remember
feeling sick of it all, just wanting to give up
exhausted
i let go and free fell into the unknown.

I remember
hating you because you were never there
no one else to turn to
you left me like that,

But most of all
I remember, and I always will remember
how much you never cared.

lp3iforum: Goodness of Love

lp3iforum: Goodness of Love

Goodness of Love

by Andrew

Her soothing voice takes all my problems away,

Like the ocean wave taking the rocks on shore.

My heart feels many distresses,

But her smile is my cure.


Her love is worth more than anything;

Even worth more than the treasures in this earth.

She can make everything about life feel good,

Even when you're feeling down, and deeply hurt;


So I know my love for her will never end,

Since she can break sadness structure apart;

For her voice and good-humored ways,

Are the soundtracks of my heart.


Her feelings for me is a mystery,

But it's not in a case;

However, her love can never be deposited in the bank,

So I know am safe.


Whatever she does,

I'm drawn to her cause,

And as a moth drawn to the flames,

I'm drawn to her love...


She is worth more than anything,

Even worth more than silver and gold;

And her love can't satisfy my hunger,

But it can satisfy my soul.


When I'm feeling down,

She makes me feel like I'm always above,

This is because of her kindness,

And because of the Goodness of Love...

Wednesday, October 14, 2009

Tujuan Pendidikan



Perkembangan bisnis yang demikian pesat saat ini sangat membutuhkan tenaga kerja yang berbakat dan siap pakai, yang menuntut profesionalisme, kematangan, kesiapan dan kejelian dalam mengenali dan menangkap setiap peluang usaha sebagai konsekuensi logis dari persaingan bisnis yang kian tajam dan beragam. Gelar sarjana ternyata bukan jaminan untuk menjadi tenaga siap pakai atau bahkan untuk mendapatkan kerja yang layak dalam dunia bisnis.

Persaingan ketat akan merupakan nasib buruk bagi para pencari kerja yang tidak memiliki dasar pengetahuan, keterampilan praktis dan kemampuan analisis yang handal.

LP3I melalui program-program pendidikannya menjawab tantangan ini. Proses belajar mengajar disajikan melalui pendekatan praktis, diskusi kelompok, simulasi, role play dan latihan/kerja praktek (on-the-job training). Disamping itu diadakan kegiatan mentoring agama untuk pembinaan mental spiritual, antara lain untuk memupuk sikap jujur, disiplin, memiliki etika, sopan santun dan moral secara umum.

Pendekatan-pendekatan ini ternyata menunjang keberhasilan para peserta didik untuk dapat memahami dan mampu mengamalkan keahliannya, baik melalui latihan kerja praktek di perusahaan - perusahaan, maupun di lapangan kerja yang sesungguhnya.

Selama proses belajar berlangsung, peserta program pendidikan LP3I mendapat dukungan dan bimbingan penuh dari para staf pengajar yang berasal dari kalangan akademisi dan para praktisi profesional yang aktif. Suasana yang sama juga akan didapat pada saat peserta terlibat dalam situasi nyata dari persoalan bisnis di perusahaan ketika mengikuti latihan kerja praktek.

Dengan perangkat modul dan paket program yang aktual serta proses pendidikan yang berkesinambungan, intensif, dan partisipatif diharapkan para peserta program pendidikan di LP3I memiliki sikap dan kemampuan sebagai berikut :
  • Memiliki sikap dan etos kerja yang memahami dan menghayati nilai-nilai moral, tuntutan mutu yang tinggi dan keunggulan keahlian dalam bekerja di bidangnya.
  • Memiliki keunggulan kompetitif, ulet dan mampu bekerja di bawah tekanan waktu dan mutu.
  • Mampu memecahkan masalah secara sistematis dengan konsekuensi biaya minimum.
  • Memiliki keterampilan konsepsional yang berharga, mampu melihat gambaran perusahaan secara menyeluruh dan bertindak Profesional.
  • Memiliki keterampilan sosial interpersonal yang diperlukan untuk meraih sukses dalam hubungan bisnis, memahami dinamika kelompok dan memiliki kemampuan untuk memberi inspirasi dan motivasi rekan kerja.
  • Memiliki moral dan kepribadian yang tangguh tidak mudah putus asa dan berjiwa pantang menyerah.

Kantor Cabang LP3I Seluruh Indonesia :

LP3I Kampus Kramat
GD. Sentra Kramat - JL. Kramat Raya No 7/9 Jakarta Pusat
Telp. 021-3101662 Fax. 021-3912661
LP3I Kampus Pasar Minggu
Jl. Raya Pasar Minggu - Jakarta Selatan
Telp. 021-7801240 Fax. 021-7801967
LP3I Kampus Cimone
Ready Sentra Cimone Jl. Gatot Subroto Km.2.5 No.1-2 Tangerang. Telp. 021- 55795801
Telp. (021) 5524175 Fax. (021) 55795802
LP3I Kampus Bali
Jl. PB. Sudirman No. 7X - Denpasar Bali
Telp. 0361-264702/3 Fax. 0361-247848
LP3I Kampus Langsa
Kp. Meutia Jl. Iskandar Sani No. 10-11 - Langsa Kota, Langsa, NAD
Telp. 0641-22312 Fax. 0641-22832
LP3I Kampus Medan BC
Jl. Gajah Mada No. 15 M - Medan
Telp. 061-4573885 Fax. 061-4159968
LP3I Kampus Surabaya
Jl. Manyar No. 43 A Surabaya 60284
Telp. 031-5937020/22 Fax. 031-5937004
LP3I Kampus Makassar
Jl. Urip Sumoharjo No. 78 Makassar
Telp. 0411-459271 Fax. 0411-424301
LP3I Kampus Bekasi
Grand Mall Blok A 1 dan 2 Jl. Jend. Sudirman Bekasi
Telp. 021-88954722/23 Fax. 021-88954731
LP3I Kampus Pondok Gede
Jl. Raya Hankam No. 39 Pondok Gede - Bekasi
Telp. 021-8485044 Fax. 021-84993655
LP3I Kampus Banda Aceh
Jl. Hotel Sultan No. 36-38 Peunayong
Telp. 0651-31308 Fax.
LP3I Kampus Pekanbaru
Jl. Jend. Sudirman No 174 B-F Tangkerang Pekanbaru
Telp. 0761-25573 Fax. 0761-33691
LP3I Kampus Malang
Jl. Soekarno Hatta 40 Malang
Telp. 0341-411250 / 4 Fax. 0341-415578
LP3I Kampus Balikpapan
jl.A.Yani 406 Balikpapan
Telp. 0542 731153 Fax. 0542 412248
LP3I Kampus Mataram
Jl. AA Gde Ngurah No. 234 Cakranegara Mataram Telp.0370-631889
Telp. 0370631889 Fax. 0370631889
LP3I Kampus Cilegon
Komplek Bonakarta Festival Blok B-C Jl. Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa No. 49 Cilegon Banten
Telp. 0254 377 234 Fax. 0254 377345
LP3I Kampus Banjarmasin
Jl. Soetoyo. S. No 197- banjarmasin
Telp. 0511 - 4417 148 Fax. 0511 4417 151
LP3I Kampus Tasikmalaya
Jl. Pasar Kulon No 7/3 Tasikmalaya (komplek Mayasari Plaza)
Telp. 0265-311766 Fax. 0265-311768
LP3I Kampus Bogor
Jalan Pajajaran No 88 A Villa Indah Pajajaran Bogor
Telp. 0251-8341300 Fax. 0251-8378456
LP3I Kampus Jakarta Utara
Jln Deli No 33 Koja-Jakarta Utara
Telp. 021-43901162 Fax. 021-43901162
LP3I Kampus Bintan
Jl. Ahmad Yani No. 14 Tanjungpinang
Telp. (0771)318108/09 Fax. (0771)318107
LP3I Kampus Tomang-Caringin
Jln. Kyai Caringin Blok A No. 10 Cideng Jakarta Pusat
Telp. 021 385 1140 Fax. 021 380 8696
LP3I Kampus Sidoarjo
Jl. Diponegoro 143 Sidoarjo
Telp. 031-8959099 Fax. 031-8941627
LP3I Kampus Belitung
Jl. Raya Gantung, Manggar, Belitung Timur
Telp. (0719) 91744 Fax. (0719) 91743
LP3I Kampus Cikarang
Jl. Industri No. 18A dan 57 Cikarang Bekasi
Telp. 021 8901711 / 8 Fax. 021 8901801
LP3I Kampus Semarang
Jl. Indraprasta 92 Semarang
Telp. [024] 355 6603 Fax. [024] 356 0971
LP3I Kampus Karang Tengah
Jl. Raden Saleh No. 2 Karang Tengah Ciledug - Tangerang
Telp. (021) 7345 6440 Fax. (021) 732 4369
LP3I Kampus Sumber Arta
Jl. KH. Noer Ali No. 6 A-B Sumber Arta, Kalimalang. Bekasi 17139
Telp. 021 846 3838 Fax. 021-8690 4013
LP3I Kampus Depok
Jl. Margonda Raya 250 B-D Depok Jawa Barat
Telp. 021-7764274 , 7 Fax. 021-77205619
LP3I Kampus Sukabumi
Jl.Gudang No.9 Kota Sukabumi, Jawa Barat
Telp. (0266)6250455 Fax. (0266)235717
LP3I Kampus Tegal
Jl. A.R Hakim no.71 Tegal Telp.(0283) 353800
Telp. (0283) 353800 Fax. 0283 325013
LP3I Kampus Metropolis
Graha Sudirman ( By Pass ) No. 1-3 Jln. Jend. Sudirman Kota - Tangerang
Telp. (021) 5518672 Fax. (021) 55736281
LP3I Kampus Petukangan
Jl. Ciledug Raya No. 5 Petukangan Utara Ciledug
Telp. 021-5861203 Fax. 021-5861204
LP3I Kampus Bengkulu
Jl.M.T.Haryono.No.21 - 23 BengkuluTelp.0736 -22879 fax 0736 - 347987.
Telp. 0736-22879 Fax. 0736-342482
LP3I Kampus Purbalingga

Telp. Fax.
LP3I Kampus Batam
Komp. Ruko Nagoya Central Blok A. Jl. Imam Bonjol No. 10-12.
Telp. (0778) 457-704 Fax. (0778) 458714
LP3I Kampus Bandar Lampung
Jl. Gajah Mada No. 9A-B Bandar Lampung
Telp. 0721-7406007 Fax. 0721-250453
LP3I Kampus Cirebon
Jl.Tuparev No. 73
Telp. (0231) 220 866 Fax.
LP3I Kampus Kendari
Jl. MT. Haryono No. 119-123 Wua-Wua Kendari
Telp. 0401392239 Fax. 0401393227
LP3I Kampus Blok M
Jl. Falatehan Raya No. 2 (Depan Masjid Peruri) Jakarta Selatan
Telp. 021-72788209 Fax. 021-72788208
LP3I Kampus Medan TC
Jl. H. Adam Malik No 191 Glugur By Pass Medan
Telp. 061 - 6620600 / Fax. 061 - 6614005
LP3I Kampus Samarinda
Jl. A. Yani - Ruko Mitra Ma 8 No.32-33 Samarinda
Telp. 770975 770912 Fax. 0541-770987
LP3I Kampus Tanjung Pandan
Jl.Sriwijaya, Samping Kantor Pertanahan Tg.Pandan
Telp. (0719) 24325 Fax. (0719)22583
LP3I Kampus Palembang
Jl. Jend. Sudirman No. 7 KM. 3,5 Palembang
Telp. 0711-367141 Fax. 0711-367141
LP3I Kampus Padang
Jl. Ratulangi No.20B Padang
Telp. (0751) 327-55 Fax.
LP3I Kampus Ciputat
Jl.Legoso Raya No 30 Pisangan Ciputat Tangerang
Telp. 021-7418628 Fax. 021-7418628
LP3I Kampus Pulogadung
Jl. Raya Bekasi Km 21 PTC Blok VIII B 31- 32
Telp. 021 - 46834406 Fax.
LP3I Kampus Politeknik LP3I Bandung
Jl. Pahlawan No 59 Bandung
Telp. 022-2506500 Fax. 022-2512564
LP3I Kampus Purwakarta
Jl. Sadang Purwakarta No.77
Telp. 0264-8225381 Fax. 0264-8225382
LP3I Kampus Palu
Jl. Setiabudi No 65 Palu
Telp. 0451-457977 Fax. 0451-457978

about eminem

Source: http://www.eminem.net/biography/
Eminem-photo
Eminem, born Marshall Bruce Mathers III, 17 October 1973, Kansas City, Missouri, USA. This white rapper burst onto the US charts in 1999 with a controversial take on the horrorcore genre. Mathers endured an itinerant childhood, living with his mother in various states before eventually ending up in Detroit at the age of 12. He took up rapping in high school before dropping out in ninth grade, joining ad hoc groups Basement Productions, the New Jacks, and D12. The newly named Eminem released a raw debut album in 1997 through independent label FBT. Infinite was poorly received, however, with Eminem earning unfavourable comparisons to leading rappers such as Nas and AZ. His determination to succeed was given a boost by a prominent feature in Source's Unsigned Hype column, and he gained revenge on his former critics when he won the Wake Up Show's Freestyle Performer Of The Year award, and finished runner-up in Los Angeles' annual Rap Olympics. The following year's The Slim Shady EP, named after his sinister alter-ego, featured some vitriolic attacks on his detractors. The stand-out track, "Just Don't Give A fuck", became a highly popular underground hit, and led to guest appearances on MC Shabaam Sahddeq's "Five Star Generals" single and Kid Rock's Devil Without A Cause set. As a result, Eminem was signed to Aftermath Records by label boss Dr. Dre, who adopted the young rapper as his protege and acted as co-producer on Eminem's full-length debut. Dre's beats featured prominently on The Slim Shady LP, a provocative feast of violent, twisted lyrics, with a moral outlook partially redeemed by Eminem's claim to be only "voicing" the thoughts of the Slim Shady character. Parody or no parody, lyrics to tracks such as "97 Bonnie & Clyde" (which contained lines about killing the mother of his child) and frequent verbal outbursts about his mother were held by many, outside even the usual Christian moral majority, to be deeply irresponsible. The album was buoyed by the commercial success of the singles "My Name Is" and "Guilty Conscience" (the former helped by a striking, MTV-friendly video), and climbed to number 2 on the US album chart in March 1999.

Eminem subsequently made high profile appearances on Rawkus Records' Soundbombing Volume 2 compilation and Missy "Misdemeanor" Elliott's Da Real World. He was also in the news when his mother filed a lawsuit claiming that comments made by the rapper during interviews and on The Slim Shady LP had caused, amongst other things, emotional distress, damage to her reputation and loss of self-esteem. None of which harmed the sales of Eminem's follow-up album, The Marshall Mathers LP, which debuted at number 1 on the US album chart in May 2000 and established him as the most successful rapper since the mid-90s heyday of 2Pac and Snoop Doggy Dogg. By the end of the year, however, his troubled personal life and a serious assault charge had removed the gloss from his phenomenal commercial success. Despite criticism from gay rights groups, the rapper swept up three Grammy Awards the following February. He also reunited with his D12 colleagues to record the transatlantic chart-topping Devil's Night. 

Eminem's new studio album, The Eminem Show, was premiered by single "Without Me". The track, which debuted at UK number 1 in May 2002, featured a sample from Malcolm McLaren's "Buffalo Girls" and was supported by a controversial video which saw the rapper dressing up as Osama Bin Laden. The album debuted at number 1 on both sides of the Atlantic. Later in the year, Eminem made his mainstream acting debut in 8 Mile. The lead single from the soundtrack, "Lose Yourself", gave the rapper his first US number 1 single in November.

poetry

"Poems" redirects here. For other uses, see Poems (disambiguation).
This article is about the art form. For the magazine, see Poetry (magazine).
Literature
Major forms

Novel · Poem · Drama
Short story · Novella
Genres

Epic · Lyric · Drama
Romance · Satire
Tragedy · Comedy
Tragicomedy
Media

Performance (play) · Book
Techniques

Prose · Verse
History and lists

Basic topics · Literary terms
History · Modern history
Books · Writers
Literary awards · Poetry awards
Discussion

Criticism · Theory · Magazines
Quatrain on Heavenly Mountain, by China's Emperor Gaozong (1107–1187) of Song Dynasty; fan mounted as album leaf on silk, four columns in cursive script.
"Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep," by Mary Elizabeth Frye, 1932

Poetry (from the Greek "ποίησις", poiesis, a "making") is a form of literary art in which language is used for its aesthetic and evocative qualities in addition to, or in lieu of, its apparent meaning. Poetry may be written independently, as discrete poems, or may occur in conjunction with other arts, as in poetic drama, hymns, lyrics or prose poetry.

Poetry, and discussions of it, have a long history. Early attempts to define poetry, such as Aristotle's Poetics, focused on the uses of speech in rhetoric, drama, song and comedy.[1] Later attempts concentrated on features such as repetition, verse form and rhyme, and emphasized the aesthetics which distinguish poetry from prose.[2] From the mid-20th century, poetry has sometimes been more loosely defined as a fundamental creative act using language.[3]

Poetry often uses particular forms and conventions to suggest alternative meanings in the words, or to evoke emotional or sensual responses. Devices such as assonance, alliteration, onomatopoeia and rhythm are sometimes used to achieve musical or incantatory effects. The use of ambiguity, symbolism, irony and other stylistic elements of poetic diction often leaves a poem open to multiple interpretations. Similarly, metaphor, simile and metonymy[4] create a resonance between otherwise disparate images—a layering of meanings, forming connections previously not perceived. Kindred forms of resonance may exist, between individual verses, in their patterns of rhyme or rhythm.

Some forms of poetry are specific to particular cultures and genres, responding to the characteristics of the language in which the poet writes. While readers accustomed to identifying poetry with Dante, Goethe, Mickiewicz and Rumi may think of it as being written in rhyming lines and regular meter, there are traditions, such as Biblical poetry, that use other approaches to achieve rhythm and euphony. Much of modern British and American poetry is to some extent a critique of poetic tradition,[5] playing with and testing (among other things) the principle of euphony itself, to the extent that sometimes it deliberately does not rhyme or keep to set rhythms at all.[6][7][8] In today's globalized world, poets often borrow styles, techniques and forms from diverse cultures and languages.

The beauty, the power and the effect of a poem rarely depend on styles, technique and forms solely. The essential elements, like rhythm, rhyme, forms, etc. are only a framework of a poem, and none of these are as important as the topic and especially the choice of words. Great poems differ from others exactly because of these, because their words invoke thoughts and powerful feelings in the listener or reader. Some poets, like the Hungarian József Attila, wrote exceptional poems with words combined in sentences that achieve meaning greater than the sum of the meanings of the words. Some of these became sayings in the everyday language. Across time and cultures the meaning of the words change, and make it difficult to enjoy the original beauty and power of poems.

Visi Misi

VISI Menjadi Lembaga Pendidikan yang terus menerus menyelaraskan kualitas pendidikannya dengan kebutuhan dunia kerja dalam pembentukan Sumber Daya Manusia yang profesional, beriman dan bertaqwa. MISI
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